Pumps Lift Cement Out Of Boxcars At Grand Coulee

From the "Spokesman Review."

July 25, 1937

Thanks to Jay Kemble for digging this out.

Giang Blast Rips Mountain, Hurling Rocks Nearly Mile!

From the "Spokane Press."

August 2, 1934

Certificate Of Occupancy To The Purdy Company Of Washington

Silas Mason Co. Inc Vs. Tax Commission Of State Of Washington

December 6, 1937

SILAS MASON CO., Inc., et al. v. TAX COMMISSION OF STATE OF WASHINGTON et al. RYAN v. STATE OF WASHINGTON et al.

302 U.S. 186 (58 S.Ct. 233, 82 L.Ed. 187)

SILAS MASON CO., Inc., et al. v. TAX COMMISSION OF STATE OF WASHINGTON et al. RYAN v. STATE OF WASHINGTON et al.

Nos. 7, 8.

Reargued: Oct. 12, 13, 1937.

Mr. B. H. Kizer, of Spokane, Wash., for appellants Silas Mason Co. and others.

Mr. E. P. Donnelly, of Seattle, Wash., for appellees Tax Commission of Washington and others.

Messrs. John W. Davis, of New York City, and B. H. Kizer, of Spokane, Wash., for appellant Ryan.

Messrs. E. P. Donnelly, of Seattle, Wash., and E. W. Schwellenbach, of Ephrata, Wash., for appellees State of Washington and others.

Mr. Stanley Reed, Sol. Gen., of Washington, D.C., for the United States, as amicus curiae, by special leave of Court.

Mr. Chief Justice HUGHES delivered the opinion of the Court.

These suits were brought to restrain the enforcement of the Occupation Tax Act of the State of Washington (Laws 1933, c. 191, p. 869; Ex.Sess., 1933, c. 57, p. 157 1 ) as applied to the gross income received by appellants under contracts with the United States for work performed in connection with the building of the Grand Coulee Dam on the Columbia River. 2 The Supreme Court of the State sustained the tax and affirmed judgments dismissing the suits. Silas Mason, Inc. v. State Tax Commission, 188 Wash. 98, 61 P.2d 1269; Ryan v. State, 188 Wash. 115, 61 P.2d 1276. The cases come here on appeal.

The questions are (1) whether the tax imposes an unconstitutional burden upon the Federal Government, and (2) whether the areas in which appellants' work is performed are within the exclusive jurisdiction of the United States. On reargument, and at the request of the Court, the views of the Government upon these questions were presented. With respect to the first question, our ruling upholding the validity of a similar tax of West Virginia as laid upon the gross receipts of a contractor engaged in building locks and dams for the United States is controlling. James v. Dravo Contracting Company, 302 U.S. 134, 58 S.Ct. 208, 82 L.Ed. 155. We pass to the question of territorial jurisdiction.

1. The following facts as to the nature and history of the enterprise, as set forth in appellants' complaints and shown by evidence and stipulations, are uncontroverted: The Columbia River, above its lower reaches, partakes of the character of a mountain stream, its fall being great, its current swift, and its course marked at intervals of a few miles by rapids flowing over and through rocky masses of such magnitude as to render navigation difficult and in many instances impossible save by the construction of canals and locks. There are great alternations in its flow, its period of high water depending upon the melting of snow in the mountains where its sources are found. Its principal tributary is the Snake River, which has the same characteristics. Through improvements that have been made and are contemplated, the Columbia River is commercially navigable from its mouth to the mouth of the Snake, and above that point the Columbia is navigable locally, from pool to pool, to the mouth of the Okanogan River, but all such navigation is difficult and not commercially feasible because of the physical conditions above described. These characteristics, however, 'render it an ideal stream for the development of hydroelectric power.' For the most part the Columbia River within the United States flows through an arid country, 'the land being immensely productive and rich when placed under irrigation but of no value without irrigation.' The course of the river for the greater part of its length in the United States lies wholly within the State of Washington. From a short distance below the mouth of the Snake, the Columbia is the boundary between the States of Washington and Oregon.

Following sporadic improvements extending over a number of years, the Corps of Engineers of the War Department finally made an exhaustive survey, and in 1932 the Chief of Engineers of the United States Army recommended a comprehensive plan for the development of the Columbia River, which took into consideration the use of its waters for the purposes of navigation, flood control, power development, and irrigation. The plan contemplated the construction of ten dams across the river at various points in Washington and where the river is the boundary between Washington and Oregon. The uppermost of these dams is at the head of Grand Coulee in Washington about 150 miles below the international boundary and 274 miles above the mouth of the Snake River. The plan was commonly described as the Columbia Basin Project.

In June, 1933, Harold L. Ickes was appointed Administrator of Public Works, and later the President, under authority of the National Industrial Recovery Act (sections 201—203, 48 Stat. 200—205 (40 U.S.C.A. §§ 401—403)), directed the Administrator to include in the Public Works program the Grand Coulee Dam and Power Plant. Appellants state that the project as finally recommended by the War Department and the Department of the Interior contemplated, among other features, a dam at the Grand Coulee to be 370 feet high above low water (550 feet high, as actually constructed) and 4,290 feet long on the crest, and a power plant to develop 2,100,000 horse power, at a total cost of $392,000,000. Appellants add that this is the key dam on the river and will create a lake 150 miles long, reaching the Canadian boundary; that over 5,000,000 acrefeet of storage will become available, the release of which when the flow of the river is at its lowest will double the prime power of the river downstream to the Snake River and add more than 50 per cent. to the power of the Columbia below the Snake; that the storage will have an appreciable effect in reducing floods on the whole river; and that 'there will be 905,500 acres of first class land available for irrigation.'

In 1933, the Legislature of the State of Washington created the Columbia Basin Commission to promote the Columbia Basin Project. Laws 1933, c. 81, p. 376; Ryan v. State, supra, 188 Wash. 115, 61 P.2d 1276, at page 1277. For that purpose the Commission obtained an allocation of $377,000 of the emergency relief funds of the State. On June 30, 1933, the United States, represented by the Commissioner of the Bureau of Reclamation, under the provisions of the Reclamation Act of June 17, 1902 ( 32 Stat. 388), and amendatory and supplementary acts (43 U.S.C.A. § 371 et seq.), made a contract with the Columbia Basin Commission by which the United States agreed to undertake topographic surveys and exploratory work and prepare certain designs and estimates for which the Columbia Basin Commission undertook to pay within the limits of its appropriation. Ryan v. State, supra, 188 Wash. 115, 61 P.2d 1276, at page 1278.

On November 1, 1933, the Secretary of the Interior signed a memorandum addressed to himself as Administrator of Public Works in which the Secretary recommended that the project 'be considered a federal project to be constructed, operated and maintained by the Bureau of Reclamation and to be paid for from net revenues derived from the sale of its electric power.' Under the same date, the United States, represented by the Secretary of the Interior, in pursuance of the Reclamation Act of 1902 and the National Industrial Recovery Act, made a further agreement with the State of Washington providing for the expenditure by the United States, through the Bureau of Reclamation, of the sum of $63,000,000 for the construction of a dam and power plant at the Grand Coulee site, together with necessary transmission lines. There was further provision that the United States should retain title to the dam and power plant until the cost of the project, including the cost of the first unit dam and power plant, had been fully repaid into the United States Treasury; that the State Commission should act as an advisory board in conference with officers of the United States concerning the various important questions which might arise in connection with the construction and use of the dam, power plant, and transmission lines; and that the State should have an option to purchase the perpetual right to the entire power output of the first unit dam and power plant upon prescribed conditions. Ryan v. State, supra, 188 Wash. 115, 61 P.2d 1276, at page 1278.

On December 12, 1933, the Secretary of the Interior and Administrator of Public Works signed an amended Declaration of Taking in the case of United States v. Continental Land Company et al., in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Washington, * in which it was stated that certain lands at the Grand Coulee Dam site to the extent of 840.28 acres 'are hereby taken for the use of the United States' in the construction of a dam 'for the regulation and control of the flow of the Columbia River, for a storage reservoir from the damsite to the Canadian boundary, for the improvement of navigation, for flood control, for hydro-electric power development at the Grand Coulee damsite, for the increase of power development downstream, for the reclamation of arid and semi-arid lands, for the domestic use of water, and for the relief of unemployment.' Thereupon the United States immediately acquired title and possession of the lands involved. 40 U.S.C. 258a (40 U.S.C.A. § 258a). Shortly after, on January 4, 1934, the First Assistant Secretary of the Interior gave formal notice to the Commissioner of Public Lands of Washington of the intention of the United States to make examinations and surveys and attached to the notice a list of lands owned by the State 'over and upon which the United States requires rights of way for canals, ditches, laterals and sites for reservoirs and structures appurtenant thereto; and such additional rights of way and quantities of land as may be required for the operation and maintenance of the completed works for the said proposed Columbia Basin Project.' The notice was given pursuant to the state statutes to which we shall presently refer. The lands in this list are described as 'Bed and Shore Lands of Washington State' and 'Uplands of Washington State,' affected by Columbia Basin Project.

In December, 1933, the Department of the Interior entered into a contract with David H. Ryan (No. 8) for the excavation of the 'over-burden' at the damsite. That work was upon land, above high-water mark, already or about to be acquired by the United States. The contractor completed it in the summer of 1934, maintaining his office and living quarters within the territory of the Grand Coulee Project. The contract provided that the appellant should 'obtain all required licenses and permits,' should furnish 'compensation insurance' in compliance with the laws of the State, and should 'comply with all applicable provisions of federal, state, and municipal safety laws and building and construction codes.' Ryan v. State, supra, 188 Wash. 115, 61 P.2d 1276, at page 1279.

In July, 1934, a contract was made between the United States and Silas Mason Company and others, appellants in No. 7, for the construction of part of the Grand Coulee Dam and Power Plant covered by described items in the schedule of specifications, for the sum of $29,339,301.50. 3 This contract, like that of Ryan, required the contractor to obtain licenses and permits and to furnish compensation insurance in compliance with the workmen's compensation law of the State.

Such a vast undertaking necessarily had in view a large number of employees who with their families would require the appropriate facilities of community life. Accordingly, the specifications provided for the erection on the tract acquired by the government of a 'contractor's camp,' embracing the various buildings incident to the work and homes for the contractor's employees. The contractor was required, regardless of the approval of the contracting officer, to 'comply with all the laws and regulations of the State of Washington or any agency or subdivision thereof, which affect the building, maintenance or operation' of the camp. The discharge of sewage into the Columbia River was to conform to the laws and regulations of the Department of Health of the State. The contractor was to make all necessary arrangements with the proper state and county authorities for school facilities and for police protection which within 'the area involved in and surrounding the construction work' was to be furnished by the Washington State Patrol in co-operation with the Government. The contractor was also to provide and maintain jail facilities satisfactory to the Washington State Patrol and to co-operate with it and the Government in the maintenance of law and order.

The contractor's camp has developed into a community called 'Mason City.' On the opposite side of the river lies another camp maintained by the United States for the offices and residences of its engineers. It appears that there are 'two regularly formed school districes' in the area in question, one in the 'engineers' town' and one in 'Mason City,' under the laws of the State of Washington; that in 'Mason City' the policemen employed by the contractor have been made deputy sheriffs of Okanogan County; that the attorney for the contractor has been appointed a justice of the peace, and one of the doctors in the hospital at the camp has been made a deputy coroner, in that county; that, in the fall of 1933, one who was operating a beer parlor within the part of the area which lies in Grant County without a permit from the county commissioners, was fined in a justice's court as provided in the local ordinance; that the sheriff of Grant County has been called to the dam site to investigate infractions of local law.

In September, 1934, the Department of the Interior made a further contract with appellant Ryan for the construction of a railroad connecting with the tracks of the Northern Pacific Railway Company at Odair, Wash., and running to the site of the Grand Coulee Dam. The sole purpose of this railroad was to assist in the construction of the dam and the appurtenant works.

By the Act of August 30, 1935, 49 Stat. 1028, 1039, 1040, the Congress 'validated and ratified' all the 'contracts and agreements' which had been executed in connection with the Grand Coulee Dam.

2. No question is presented as to the constitutional authority of Congress to provide for this enterprise or to acquire the lands necessary or appropriate for that purpose. There is no contention that the State may interfere with the conduct of the enterprise. The question of exclusive territorial jurisdiction is distinct. That question assumes the absence of any interference with the exercise of the functions of the Federal Government and is whether the United States has acquired exclusive legislative authority so as to debar the State from exercising any legislative authority including its taxing and police power in relation to the property and activities of individuals and corporations within the territory. The acquisition of title by the United States is not sufficient to effect that exclusion. It must appear that the State, by consent or cession, has transferred to the United States that residuum of jurisdiction which otherwise it would be free to exercise. Surplus Trading Company v. Cook, 281 U.S. 647, 650—652, 50 S.Ct. 455, 456, 74 L.Ed. 1091; James v. Dravo Contracting Co., supra. See, also, Fort Leavenworth R. Co. v. Lowe, 114 U.S. 525, 527, 539, 5 S.Ct. 995, 29 L.Ed. 264; Arlington Hotel Co. v. Fant, 278 U.S. 439, 451, 49 S.Ct. 227, 229, 73 L.Ed. 447; United States v. Unzeuta, 281 U.S. 138, 142, 50 S.Ct. 284, 285, 74 L.Ed. 761.

In this instance, the Supreme Court of Washington has held that the State has not yielded exclusive legislative authority to the Federal Government. Ryan v. State, supra. That question, however, involving the extent of the jurisdiction of the United States, is necessarily a federal question. Brewer-Elliott Oil & Gas Co. v. United States, 260 U.S. 77, 87, 43 S.Ct. 60, 64, 67 L.Ed. 140; United States v. Utah, 283 U.S. 64, 75, 51 S.Ct. 438, 440, 75 L.Ed. 844; Borax Consolidated v. Los Angeles, 296 U.S. 10, 22, 56 S.Ct. 23, 29, 80 L.Ed. 9.

3. The question arises with respect (a) to lands acquired by the United States from the State itself, (b) to lands acquired by the United States from individual owners by purchase or condemnation, (c) to Indian tribal lands.

Lands acquired from the State. These consist of the river bed and shore lands and of certain uplands including 'school lands.'

While the United States has paramount authority over the river for the purpose of the control and improvement of navigation, the title to the river bed, as well as to the shore lands and school lands was in the State (Port of Seattle v. Oregon & Washington R. Co., 255 U.S. 56, 63, 41 S.Ct. 237, 239, 65 L.Ed. 500), and the State had legislative authority over all this area consistent with federal functions. United States v. Bevans, 3 Wheat, 336, 386, 387, 4 L.Ed. 404; Stockton v. Baltimore & N.Y.R. Co. (C.C.) 32 F. 9, 18; Hamburg-American S.S. Co. v. Grube, 196 U.S. 407, 415, 25 S.Ct. 352, 49 L.Ed. 529; Gromer v. Standard Dredging Co., 224 U.S. 362, 371, 372, 32 S.Ct. 499, 56 L.Ed. 801. The notice to the state authorities by the Department of the Interior with respect to the river bed, shore lands, and uplands owned by the State was said to be given 'pursuant to the Act of Congress of June 17, 1902 ( 32 Stat. 388) and acts amendatory thereof and supplementary thereto.' 43 U.S.C. 371 et seq. (43 U.S.C.A. § 371 et seq.). The notice is set forth in the margin. 4 The reference is to the United States Reclamation Act. That act was not intended to provide for the acquisition of exclusive federal jurisdiction. The act itself stated the contrary (section 8, 43 U.S.C. 383). It directed the Secretary of the Interior to proceed in conformity with the state laws in carrying out the provisions of the act and provided that nothing therein contained should be construed as interfering with the laws of the State relating to the control, appropriation, use, or distribution of water used in irrigation. The act has been administered in harmony with this controlling principle that the State should not be ousted of jurisdiction. See Kansas v. Colorado, 206 U.S. 46, 92, 93, 27 S.Ct. 655, 51 L.Ed. 956; Nebraska v. Wyoming, 295 U.S. 40, 42, 55 S.Ct. 568, 79 L.Ed. 1289: California Oregon Power Co. v. Beaver Cement Co., 295 U.S. 142, 164, 55 S.Ct. 725, 731, 79 L.Ed. 1356.

The Department of the Interior expressly stated that the notice was given 'pursuant to section 3378 of Pierce's Code (1929)' with respect to examinations and surveys, and the list of state lands 'in pursuance of section 3380 of Pierce's Code (1929).' These are sections 7410 and 7412 of Remington's Revised Statutes, which with related provisions were enacted in 1905. Laws of Washington, 1905, p. 180. These provisions are set forth in the margin. 5 They were manifestly enacted to give authority to the United States to acquire property for the purposes of irrigation under the United States Reclamation Act and with the corresponding limitations. Thus section 7410 (section 3378 of Pierce's Code) provides for notice by the Secretary of the Interior to the Commissioner of Public Lands of the State that the United States pursuant to the Reclamation Act intends to make examinations or surveys for the utilization of specified waters. And section 7412 (section 3380 of Pierce's Code) contemplates the proceeding under the Reclamation Act as described in section 7410.

Section 7411 (section 3379 of Pierce's Code) refers to the same sort of proceeding. As to appropriation of water, it provides that appropriation 'by or on behalf of the United States shall inure to the United States, and its successors in interest, in the same manner and to the same extent as though said appropriation had been made by a private person, corporation or association.' As to acquisition of title by the United States, it provides:

'The title to the beds and shores of any navigable lake or stream utilized by the construction of any reservoir or other irrigation works created or constructed as a part of such appropriation hereinbefore in this section provided for, shall vest in the United States to the extent necessary for the maintenance, operation and control of such reservoir or other irrigation works.'

Neither in the statutes governing the proceeding initiated by the Secretary of the Interior nor in the state statute was there provision for acquisition by the United States of exclusive legislative authority over the lands of the State to which title was thus obtained. This is true with respect to all the lands mentioned in the Secretary's notice embracing the bed of the river, the shore lands, and the designated uplands including school lands.

Lands acquired by purchase or condemnation. Appellants contend that exclusive jurisdiction as to these lands vested ipso facto in the Federal Government by the operation of clause 17, section 8, article 1, of the Federal Constitution, which provides that the Congress shall have power 'To exercise exclusive Legislation' over 'all Places purchased by the consent of the Legislature of the State in which the Same shall be, for the Erection of Forts, Magazines, Arsenals, Dock-Yards, and other needful Buildings.' Considering this provision in James v. Dravo Contracting Company, supra, we construed the phrase 'other needful Buildings' to embrace locks and dams and whatever structures are found to be necessary in the performance of the functions of the Federal Government. We also concluded that clause 17 should not be construed as implying a stipulation that the consent of the State to purchases must be without reservations. We were unable to reconcile such an implication with the freedom of the State and its admitted authority to refuse or qualify cessions of jurisdiction when purchases have been made without consent or property has been acquired by condemnation.

The statute of Washington which is relied upon as granting consent and ceding exclusive jurisdiction to the Federal Government is section 8108 of Remington's Revised Statutes, the full text of which is quoted in the margin. 6 This statute gives consent to the acquisition of lands by the United States 'for the sites of locks, dams, piers, breakwaters, keepers' dwellings, and other necessary structures and purposes required in the improvement of the rivers and harbors of this state, or bordering thereon, or for the sites of forts, magazines, arsenals, docks, navy-yards, naval stations, or other needful buildings authorized by any act of congress.' The consent is said to be given in accordance with the constitutional provision found in clause 17 of section 8 of article 1 and with the acts of Congress in such cases made and provided.

The statute in terms refers to such acquisition 'from any individual or individuals, bodies politic or corporate, within the boundaries or limits of this state.' This language is not apt to describe acquisitions from the State itself. And many years ago (1903) the Supreme Court of the State so held with respect to the corresponding provisions of the Acts of 1890, p. 459, and 1891, p. 31, embodied in section 8108. State ex rel. Bussell v. Callvert, 33 Wash. 380, 388—390, 74 P. 573. Under that construction, the above-quoted provisions of section 8108 would be inapplicable to the acquisition of title to the river bed, shore lands, and uplands owned by the State, apart from our conclusions in the light of the proceedings taken under the United States Reclamation Act and the pertinent state statute.

With respect to lands acquired from private owners, the Supreme Court of the State has held in the instant case that the enterprise of the Federal Government has a reach which takes it outside the purview of section 8108. The pith of the decision is that, while the statute contemplated the building of locks and dams and other structures required in the improvement of the rivers and harbors of the State, it did not contemplate the yielding by the State of all legislative authority in connection with such a project as the Columbia Basin Project embracing 'the development of irrigation and of power for industrial purposes.' The state court concluded 'that the purposes of the project, taken as a whole, do not fall exclusively within any of the enumerated classes mentioned above (in the statute), so as to give the United States exclusive jurisdiction over the lands, but, rather in a class where several purposes are so intermingled as to call for the exercise of jurisdiction by both the federal government and the state, according as their respective interests and duties require.' Ryan v. State, supra, 188 Wash. 115, 61 P.2d 1276, at page 1284.

Considering the scope of the federal undertaking, we cannot say that this construction of section 8108 is inadmissible. Thus irrigation—'the reclamation of arid and semi-arid lands'—is an integral part of the federal plan and the reservoirs for the storage of water were to be provided with that end in view. That was set forth as one of the main objectives, as well as the development of power, in the Declaration of Taking filed in the federal court in the condemnation proceedings, and, whatever may be said of power development so far as it is incidental to the improvement of navigation, the reclamation of arid or semiarid lands has always been regarded as a project which carried with it an appropriate recognition of a continued state jurisdiction. Kansas v. Colorado, supra; Nebraska v. Wyoming, supra. We cannot say that the state statute, enacted in 1891, must be taken as conclusively showing an intent to yield exclusive jurisdiction in such a case. Assuming that because of the presence of the federal question we are at liberty to construe the statute for ourselves, we should, in harmony with our principles of decision in such cases, give great weight to the views of the state court as to the intent and limitations of the state statute in granting consent and cession. See Freeport Water Company v. Freeport, 180 U.S. 587, 595, 596, 21 S.Ct. 493, 45 L.Ed. 679; Milwaukee Electric R. & L. Co. v. Railroad Commission, 238 U.S. 174, 184, 35 S.Ct. 820, 59 L.Ed. 1254; Phelps v. Board of Education, 300 U.S. 319, 322, 57 S.Ct. 483, 484, 81 L.Ed. 673; Dodge v. Board of Education, 302 U.S. 74, 58 S.Ct. 98, 82 L.Ed. 57, decided November 8, 1937. We should accept that construction unless we are satisfied that it does violence to federal right based upon the statute, defeating the reasonable anticipation and purpose of securing through the operation of the statute an essential and exclusive legislative authority for the Federal Government.

Not only do we find no violence done to federal right or frustration of federal intent by the State's construction of its statute, but the evidence is clear that the Federal Government contemplated the continued existence of state jurisdiction consistent with federal functions and invited the cooperation of the State in providing an appropriate exercise of local authority over the territory.

Even if it were assumed that the state statute should be construed to apply to the federal acquisitions here involved, we should still be met by the contention of the Government that it was not compelled to accept, and has not accepted, a transfer of exclusive jurisdiction. As such a transfer rests upon a grant by the State, through consent or cession, it follows, in accordance with familiar principles applicable to grants, that the grant may be accepted or declined. Acceptance may be presumed in the absence of evidence of a contrary intent, but we know of no constitutional principle which compels acceptance by the United States of an exclusive jurisdiction contrary to its own conception of its interests. The mere fact that the Government needs title to property within the boundaries of a State, which may be acquired irrespective of the consent of the State (Kohl v. United States, 91 U.S. 367, 371, 372, 23 L.Ed. 449), does not necessitate the assumption by the Government of the burdens incident to an exclusive jurisdiction. We have frequently said that our system of government is a practical adjustment by which the national authority may be maintained in its full scope without unnecessary loss of local efficiency. In acquiring property, the federal function in view may be performed without disturbing the local administration in matters which may still appropriately pertain to state authority. In our opinion in James v. Dravo Contracting Company, supra, we observed that the possible importance of reserving to the State jurisdiction for local purposes which involve no interference with the performance of governmental functions is becoming more and more clear as the activities of the Government expand and large areas within the States are acquired. And we added that there appeared to be no reason why the United States should be compelled to accept exclusive jurisdiction or the State be compelled to grant it in giving its consent to purchases.

The federal intent in this instance is clearly shown. It is shown not merely by the action of administrative officials, but by the deliberate and ratifying action of Congress, which gives the force of law to the prior official action even if unauthorized when taken. Swayne & Hoyt, Ltd., v. United States, 300 U.S. 297, 301, 302, 57 S.Ct. 478, 479, 81 L.Ed. 659. As Congress validated and ratified 'all contracts' which have been executed in connection with the Grand Coulee Dam project, we are at liberty to refer to the terms of these contracts as manifesting the intention of Congress no less than that of the officers who executed them. These contracts with appellants were made in full appreciation of the inevitable creation, through the carrying out of this project, of a large local community within the area acquired by the United States, with residents whose needs could be suitably served by the administration of the laws of the State without interfering in any way with the execution of the federal plan. School facilities were to be, and have been, provided by arrangements with the local authorities. Police protection was to be, and has been, assured by co-operation with the State Patrol. Cognizance of crimes committed within the area has been taken by local prosecutors and judicial officers. It is futile to say that these local authorities became federal authorities pro hac vice, for the contracts which have been ratified by Congress manifestly contemplated action by the local officers as representatives of the State and as acting in the exercise of state jurisdiction.

In particular, appellants' contracts assumed that state jurisdiction would extend to activities of the contractors. They were to obtain all required licenses and permits. Compensation insurance under the laws of the State was to be provided for their employees. State building regulations were to be obeyed. The rules of the local Department of Health were to be observed in the discharge of sewage into the river. We are at a loss to understand how the continued jurisdiction of the State without conflicting with federal operations could have been more fully recognized, or the assumption of exclusive legislative authority by the United States more effectively disclaimed, than by the action of Congress in ratifying the provisions of these contracts.

Appellants' argument comes to this—that we must not only override the construction of the state statute by the state court but that we must construe the statute as compelling the Federal Government to assume an exclusive legislative authority which it did not need, which it has not accepted or exercised, and against the burden of which it has sought to protect itself by securing state cooperation in accordance with the express authorization of Congress. We find no warrant for such action.

Indian tribal lands. What has been said also disposes of the contention in relation to this part of the area. Appellants say that title was originally in the United States for the benefit of Indians on the Colville Reservation. Executive Order of July 2, 1872. While at a later date the lands were opened for entry (Act March 22, 1906, 34 Stat. 80; Proclamation of the President, May 3, 1916, 39 Stat. 1778), it appears that they were withdrawn before any entry was made. Appellants concede that title to these lands has always been in the United States and hence could not have been acquired by purchase or condemnation. But with respect to such lands exclusive legislative authority would be obtained by the United States only through cession by the State. Surplus Trading Co. v. Cook, supra, 281 U.S. 647, at page 651, 50 S.Ct. 455, 456, 74 L.Ed. 1091. If they may be deemed to be within the reference in section 8108 to 'public land' which 'may be set apart by the general government' for the purposes 'before mentioned,' we are brought back to the questions already discussed, and we need not consider the question whether these lands had in fact been set apart in the prescribed manner.

Our conclusion is that the State had territorial jurisdiction to impose the tax upon appellants' receipts and that the tax does not lay an unconstitutional burden upon the Federal Government.

The respective judgments are affirmed.

Mr. Justice McREYNOLDS, Mr. Justice SUTHERLAND, Mr. Justice BUTLER, and Mr. Justice ROBERTS dissent for the reasons stated in the dissenting opinion in James v. Dravo Contracting Company, supra.

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1

The Act describes the tax as laid 'upon the privilege of engaging in business activities.' Section 2-a(1), as added by Laws Wash.1933, Ex.Sess., p. 157, § 1 provides: '* * * there is hereby levied and there shall be collected from every person engaging or continuing within this state in the business of rendering or performing services * * * an annual tax or excise for the privilege of engaging in such business * * * equal to the gross income of the business multiplied by the rate of five-tenths of one per cent. * * *'

2

Appellant David H. Ryan, in No. 8, also brought an action to obtain a refund of occupation taxes which he had paid. That action was consolidated for hearing in the state courts with the suit for injunction to restrain further collection.

*

For opinion on appeal, see (C.C.A.) 88 F.2d 104.

3

For administrative purposes and to avoid confusion with business operations of the contractors elsewhere, the contractors organized the appellant Mason-Walsh-Atkinson-Kier Company, and to avoid objections to an assignment of the contract they entered into an agreement with the United States in September, 1934, by which the new company was constituted the agent of the contractors for the prosecution of the work without relinquishment of their obligations.

4

'United States Department of the Interior

'Office of the Secretary, Washington

'Jan - 4 1934

'Bureau of Reclamation

'Mails and Files, Jan 5 1934

'Washington, D.C.

'State Commissioner of Public Lands,

'Olympia, Washington.

'Dear Sir:

'Please take notice that pursuant to the Act of Congress of June 17, 1902 ( 32 Stat. 388) and acts amendatory thereof or supplementary thereto, the United States intends to make examinations and surveys for the utilization of the waters of Columbia River and its tributaries in the development of the proposed Columbia Basin Project.

'The foregoing notice is given pursuant to Section 3378 of Pierce's Code (1929).

'Please take further notice that attached hereto, identified as 'Exhibit A' and made a part hereof is a list of lands owned by the State of Washington, over and upon which the United States requires rights of way for canals, ditches, laterals and sites for reservoirs and structures appurtenant thereto; and such additional rights of way and quantities of land as may be required for the operation and maintenance of the completed works for the said proposed Columbia Basin Project. Please file this notice, together with the attached list, in your office, as a reservation from sale or other disposition of such lands, so described, by the State of Washington.

'The notice last herein given is in pursuance of Section 3380 of Pierce's Code (1929).

'Very truly yours,

'(Signed) T. A. Walters,

'First Assistant Secretary.'

5

'§ 7410. Exemptions pending federal investigation. Whenever the secretary of the interior of the United States, or any officer of the United States duly authorized, shall notify the commissioner of public lands of this state that pursuant to the provisions of the act of congress approved June 17, 1902, entitled, 'An act appropriating the receipts from the sale and disposal of public lands in certain states and territories to the construction of irrigation works for the reclamation of arid lands,' or any amendment of said act or substitute therefor, the United States intends to make examinations or surveys for the utilization of certain specified waters, the waters so described shall not thereafter be subject to appropriation under any law of this state for a period of one year from and after the date of the receipt of such notice by such commissioner of public lands; but such notice shall not in any wise affect the appropriation of any water theretofore in good faith initiated under any law of this state, but such appropriation may be completed in accordance with the law in the same manner and to the same extent as though such notice had not been given. No adverse claim to any such waters initiated subsequent to the receipt by the commissioner of public lands of such notice shall be recognized, under the laws of this state, except as to such amount of the waters described in such notice or certificate hereinafter provided as may be formally released in writing by a duly authorized officer of the United States. If the said secretary of the interior or other duly authorized officer of the United States shall, before the expiration of said period of one year, certify in writing to the said commissioner of public lands that the project contemplated in such notice appears to be feasible and that the investigation will be made in detail, the waters specified in such notice shall not be subject to appropriation under any law of this state for the further period of three years following the date or receipt of such certificate, and such further time as the commissioner of public lands may grant, upon application of the United States or some one of its authorized officers and notice thereof first published once in each week for four consecutive weeks in a newspaper published in the county where the works for the utilization of such waters are to be constructed, and if such works are to be in or extend into two or more counties, then for the same period in a newspaper in each of such counties: Provided, that in case such certficate shall not be filed with said commissioner of public lands within the period of one year herein limited therefor the waters specified in such notice shall, after the expiration of said period of one year, become unaffected by such notice and subject to appropriation as they would have been had such notice never been given: And provided further, that in case such certificate be filed within said one year and the United States does not authorize the construction of works for the utilization of such waters within said three years after the filing of said certificate, then the waters specified in such notice and certificate shall, after the expiration of said last named period of three years, become unaffected by such notice or certificate and subject to appropriation as they would have been had such notice never been given and such certificate never filed.'

'§ 7411. Appropriation—Title to beds and shores. Whenever said secretary of the interior or other duly authorized officer of the United States shall cause to be let a contract for the construction of any irrigation works or any works for the storage of water for use in irrigation, or any portion or section thereof, for which the withdrawal has been effected as provided in section 7410, any authorized officer of the United States, either in the name of the United States or in such name as may be determined by the secretary of the interior, may appropriate, in behalf of the United States, so much of the unappropriated waters of the state as may be required for the project, or projects, for which water has been withdrawn or reserved under the preceding section of this act, including any and all divisions thereof, theretofore constructed, in whole or in part, by the United States or proposed to be thereafter constructed by the United States, such appropriation to be made, maintained and perfected in the same manner and to the same extent as though such appropriation had been made by a private person, corporation or association, except that the date of priority as to all rights under such appropriation in behalf of the United States shall relate back to the date of the first withdrawal or reservation of the waters so appropriated, and in case of filings on water previously withdrawn under said section 7410, no payment of fees will be required. Such appropriation by or on behalf of the United States shall inure to the United States, and its successors in interest, in the same manner and to the same extent as though said appropriation had been made by a private person, corporation or association. The title to the beds and shores of any navigable lake or stream utilized by the construction of any reservoir or other irrigation works created or constructed as a part of such appropriation hereinbefore in this section provided for, shall vest in the United States to the extent necessary for the maintenance, operation and control of such reservoir or other irrigation works.'

'§ 7412. Reservation of necessary lands by United States Procedure. When the notice provided for in section 7410 shall be given to the commissioner of public lands the proper officers of the United States may file with the said commissioner a list of lands (including in the term 'lands' as here used, the beds and shores of any lake, river, stream, or other waters) owned by the state, over or upon which the United States may require rights of way for canals, ditches or laterals or sites for reservoirs and structures therefor or appurtenant thereto, or such additional rights of way and quantity of land as may be required for the operation and maintenance of the completed works for the irrigation project contemplated in such notice, and the filing of such list shall constitute a reservation from the sale or other disposal by the state of such lands so described, which reservation shall, upon the completion of such works and upon the United States by its proper officers filing with the commissioner of public lands of the state a description of such lands by metes and bounds or other definite description, ripen into a grant from the state to the United States. The state, in the disposal of lands granted from the United States to the state, shall reserve for the United States rights of way for ditches, canals, laterals, telephone and transmission lines which may be required by the United States for the construction, operation and maintenance of irrigation works.'

6

'§ 8108. Consent to acquisition of certain rights by United States, etc. The consent of the state of Washington be and the same is hereby given to the acquisition by purchase or by condemnation, under the laws of this state relating to the appropriation of private property to public uses, by the United States of America, or under the authority of the same, of any tract, piece, or parcel of land, from any individual or individuals, bodies politic or corporate, within the boundaries or limits of this state, for the sites of locks, dams, piers, breakwaters, keepers' dwellings, and other necessary structures and purposes required in the improvement of the rivers and harbors of this state, or bordering thereon, or for the sites of forts, magazines, arsenals, docks, navy-yards, naval stations, or other needful buildings authorized by any act of congress, and all deeds, conveyances of title papers for the same shall be recorded as in other cases, upon the land records of the county in which the land so acquired may lie; and in like manner may be recorded a sufficient description by metes and bounds, courses and distances, of any tract or tracts, legal divisions or subdivisions of any public land belonging to the United States, which may be set apart by the general government for any or either of the purposes before mentioned by an order, patent, or other official document or papers describing such lands; the consent herein and hereby given being in accordance with the seventeenth clause of the eighth section of the first article of the Constitution of the United States, and with the acts of congress in such cases made and provided; and the jurisdiction of this state is hereby ceded to the United States of America over all such land or lands as may have been or may be hereafter acquired by purchase or by condemnation, or set apart by the general government for any or either of the purposes before mentioned: Provided, that this state shall retain a concurrent jurisdiction with the United States in and over all tracts so acquired or set apart as aforesaid, so far as that all civil and criminal process that may issue under the authority of this state against any person or persons charged with crimes committed, or for any cause of action or suit accruing without the bounds of any such tract, may be executed therein, in the same manner and with like effect as though this assent and cession had not been granted.'

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Odair-Coulee Railroad Will Be Rushed

From the "Spokane Chronicle."

August 8, 1934

David H. Ryan Vs. State Of Washington

October 1936

[1] UNITED STATES (1-1) - TERRITORIAL EXTENT AND BOUNDARIES -AUTHORITY OVER PLACES ACQUIRED WITHIN STATE - JURISDICTION.

Under Const. Art. 1, SS 8, clause 17, respecting the exclusive jurisdiction of the United States over property purchased by or ceded to the Federal government for forts, magazines, arsenals, dockyards, and "other needful buildings," the state's power to cede jurisdiction is limited to those instances where it clearly appears that the land is to be used by the United States for a constitutional or any governmental purpose; from which four rules are deducible respecting jurisdiction over lands acquired by the United States for public purposes.

[2] TAXATION (13) - UNITED STATES (1-1) - POWER OF STATE -PROPERTY OF UNITED STATES - JURISDICTION - POWER TO TAX BUSINESS ACTIVITIES.

The acquisition by the Federal government of the lands within the Columbia river or Coulee dam project, did not ipso facto deprive the state of all jurisdiction with respect to such lands; but it has concurrent power to impose an excise tax upon business activities conducted within the area of the project; and it will not be presumed that the state has relinquished its sovereignty; since taxation is an inherent, unlimited power that cannot be contracted away.

[3] SAME. Where the Federal government and the state are working in harmony and cooperating in every way in the construction of a huge dam and power project, with important distinct functions for both state and nation, it will not be held that the state will be excluded from all jurisdiction over state functions, preventing the state from levying an excise tax on activities in the area of the project, especially where the facts as a whole argue conclusively that the state never intended to cede and the Federal government never intended to take exclusive jurisdiction over the project.

Appeal from judgments of the superior court for Thurston county, Wilson, J., entered December 2,

1935, dismissing actions to recover taxes paid under protest and for injunctive relief, consolidated and tried to the court. Affirmed.

Luby & Pearson and Brown & Weller, for appellant.

The Attorney General and E.P. Donnelly, Assistant, for respondent.

E.W. Schwellenbach, amicus curiae.

STEINERT, J. - Plaintiff brought these two actions seeking (1) the refund of an amount exacted from, and paid by, him as an occupation tax, and (2) an injunction to prevent the imposition against him of a subsequent tax of the same kind. Trial before the court, without a jury, resulted in a dismissal of both actions. Plaintiff has appealed.

The taxes imposed by the state in the first case were based upon the total amount of sales of merchandise made by appellant and also upon the total amount of gross income received by him in the performance of a Federal government contract, all such sales and operations having been made and conducted within the area comprised in what is known as the Columbia basin project. The tax sought to be enjoined in the second case was based upon the total amount of gross income received by appellant in the performance of a second, and subsequent, Federal government contract operating within the same area. The principal question in the first case, and the only question in the second, is whether the state of Washington had any jurisdiction within the territory of the project, sufficient to permit the state to impose and collect an occupation tax for services rendered therein by appellant to the Federal government.

A brief history of the Columbia basin project will be of aid to a clearer understanding of the problem involved.

For a number of years, the people of this state have been actively interested in the development of the

Columbia river and its tributaries. Between 1918 and 1932, many surveys and reports were made by engineers employed either by the state or else by the bureau of reclamation or the war department of the United States. These surveys and reports had relation to navigation, the development of hydro-electric power, and the reclamation of arid lands by irrigation. The state and its people were directly and particularly interested in, and concerned with, the features of power and reclamation. In 1932, the chief of engineers of the United States Army, after an exhaustive investigation, recommended a comprehensive plan for the improvement and development of the Columbia river for the purposes of navigation, flood control, power and irrigation. The plan contemplated the ultimate construction of ten dams in the Columbia river, the first of which, together with a power plant, was to be erected at the head of Grand Coulee.

In 1933, the state legislature created the Columbia basin commission, consisting of five members, and authorized them to enter into contracts and to employ any and all means necessary to secure the immediate development of the Columbia basin project by means of the proposed Grand Coulee dam and the orderly development of the power, water and soil resources incident thereto. Chapter 81, Laws of 1933, p. 376, Rem. Rev. Stat. (Supp.), SS 3017-1 [P.C. SS 5724-26] et seq.

During this period of preparatory activities, the Grand Coulee dam and power plant had an indeterminate status, owing to the uncertainty as to whether the project would be a state or a Federal project. It seems that originally it was contemplated that the Columbia basin commission should at least carry on the necessary preliminary engineering. For that purpose, the Columbia basin commission obtained from the state emergency relief commission an allocation of $377,000 of emergency relief funds. This had the effect of tying in the project with the matter of emergency relief work, which was seriously engaging the attention of this, and of other states, at that time.

On June 30, 1933, the Columbia basin commission, in pursuance of its plan, entered into a contract with the United States, represented by the bureau of reclamation, department of the interior, wherein the

United States agreed to make the topographic surveys and explorative work and to prepare the designs and specifications for construction work on the dam, for which the Columbia basin commission agreed to pay an initial sum of $50,000 at the time of the execution of the contract and the balance of the allocation of $377,000 as the work progressed. It appears that, during the period with which we are here concerned, the greater part of the $377,000 was paid as agreed.

It soon became apparent, however, that the work of construction itself would be of such magnitude and the expense so great that its completion would require the intervention of no less an agency than the Federal government, with the unlimited financial resources at its command. Consequently, steps were taken to have the Grand Coulee dam and power plant included in the Federal public works program. After considerable effort, this was accomplished, and an allocation of sixty-three million dollars for the dam and power plant was made by the Federal bureau commonly known as NIRA.

On November 1, 1933, the United States, represented by the secretary of the interior, and pursuant to the reclamation laws and the National Industrial Recovery Act, and the state of Washington, acting through the Columbia basin commission, entered into a contract relating to the construction of the dam, power plant and power transmission lines at the Grand Coulee site, under the comprehensive plan above mentioned.

Some of the provisions of that contract are of particular interest in this controversy. The contract began with a series of ten recitals. No. 1 referred to the fact that the allotment of sixty-three million dollars, appropriated by NIRA, had been made available for the construction of the dam and power plant. No. 9 recited that the increased amount of firm power made possible at the lower dams by reason of the storage behind the Grand Coulee dam was an important factor in making the lower dams self-liquidating. No. 10 referred to the fact that the Columbia basin commission had been created by the state legislature for the purpose of cooperating with the Federal government in securing the construction of the project and of the Grand Coulee dam.

The contract then set forth the articles of agreement by number. The first, which is numbered article provided for the expenditure by the United States of sixty-three million dollars, or so much thereof as was found necessary, in the construction of a dam and power plant at Grand Coulee site. Article 12 provided that the United States should retain title to the dam and power plant until the cost of the project had been fully repaid into the treasury of the United States. Article 13 reads as follows:

"13. Commission to Act in Advisory Capacity. The Commission will act as an advisory board representing the state in an advisory capacity in conferences with officers of the United States concerning the various important questions which may arise from time to time in connection with the construction and use of the said dam, power plant and transmission lines.

Then followed a number of provisions giving the state an option, for a period of eight and one-half years after the date of the contract, to purchase the perpetual right to the entire output of the dam and power plant, upon the conditions set forth in detail therein. Article 24 reads as follows:

"24. Rules and Regulations by Secretary. The Secretary shall have the right to adopt and promulgate rules and regulations for the administration of the said project and the right to determine and decide all questions arising in connection with or growing out of the construction or operation and maintenance of said proposed dam, power plants and transmission lines and which are not expressly determined by law or the terms of this contract, and his decisions on such questions shall be conclusive."

At this point, appellant's first connection with the project appears. On November 29, 1933, appellant, a resident of San Diego, California, entered into a contract with the United States for the excavation of overburden at Columbia river dam site, Columbia basin project, "Washington," for the sum of $534,500.

The specifications, attached to and made a part of the contract, provided, among other things, that the appellant should obtain all required licenses and permits, should give preference, after ex-service men, to citizens who were residents of the county and state in which the work was to be performed, should furnish compensation insurance in compliance with the laws of the state wherein the work was to be done, and should comply with all applicable provisions of Federal, state, and municipal safety laws and building and construction codes.

Appellant entered upon the execution of the work under the contract about January 1, 1934, and completed it in the summer of the same year. During the entire performance of the work, appellant maintained his office and living quarters within the territory of the project as hereinafter designated.

After the completion of that contract, appellant, on July 18, 1934, entered into a second contract with the United States, which was for the construction of a railroad at Grand Coulee dam, Columbia basin project, "Washington," for the sum of $235,570. The railroad was to be 34.5 track miles in length, extending from the Northern Pacific Railway tracks at Odair, Washington, to the dam site. The specifications in this contract contained the same provisions as those to which we have specifically referred above. The actual residence of appellant, for about one-half of the time during which the second contract was being performed, was at Coulee City, which is outside of the territory of the project, and for the remainder of the time was at the dam site, on government land which had been obtained in the manner hereinafter described.

On July 16, 1934, which was two days before the execution of appellant's second contract, the United States entered into a contract with Silas Mason Company, Inc., and others, for construction work on Grand Coulee dam and power plant, Columbia basin project, "Washington," for the sum of $29,339,301.50. The last mentioned contract contemplated work on a gigantic scale, as is indicated by the figures just given. That contract, however, did not include the work to be done by appellant under either of his contracts.

We make reference, at this time, to the contract of Silas Mason Company, Inc., for the reason that out of it grew an action similar to the two involved here. Silas Mason Co. v. State Tax Commission, ante p. 98, 61 P.2d 1269. That action and these two were tried in the superior court at the same time and, by stipulation of the parties, all the evidence, in so far as it was material, was considered as applying to all three cases. The respective appeals were argued in this court on the same day, upon records containing identical statements of facts.

The specifications attached to the contract of Silas Mason Company, Inc., provided, among other things, and in addition to what has already been mentioned, that the contractor should make all necessary arrangements with the proper state and country authorities for school facilities, and that police protection for the contractor's camp and the area involved in and surrounding the construction work would be furnished by the Washington state patrol in cooperation with the Federal government, but that the contractor should provide, at its camp site, such jail facilities as were satisfactory to the Washington state patrol.

The area included in the entire project above mentioned does not specifically and satisfactorily appear from the record, and we are unable to say exactly how much land is included therein. It does appear, however, that the area is very extensive, covering many acres of land on both sides of the Columbia river and including a railroad right of way 34.5 miles in length. There are two important things, however, to be noted in this connection. The first is that, during the time that the construction work was in progress, the United States, through condemnation proceedings brought against a number of individuals and corporations, acquired possession of, and title to, the various tracts of land now within the area of the project. A transcript of one of such condemnation proceedings, stipulated to be similar in form to all the others, is made a part of the record herein. It shows that the title to that particular tract was acquired by the United States on or after May 14, 1934, which was after appellant had commenced work. The other important factor to be noted is that, included in the area of the project, are school lands of the state and also tribal lands, all of which have been taken over by the Federal government and now form a part of the project.

At the seventy-fourth session of the United States Congress, an act was passed authorizing the construction, repair, and preservation of certain public works on rivers and harbors and for other purposes. The act ratified and validated all contracts and agreements that had been theretofore executed in connection with the Grand Coulee dam project. H.R. 6732, Public Act 409. The work contemplated to be done upon the project by the United States was not in furtherance of any war measure or for the national defense, but simply for the improvement of navigation and for industrial recovery.

During the period of the construction work under his first contract, appellant maintained warehouses on ground within the project and at the dam site, where he stored and sold gasoline, oil, tires and automobile accessories. Appellant paid the state a tax on these sales, the recovery of which forms a part of the basis of his first action.

At its regular session of 1933, the legislature of this state passed an act commonly known as the occupation tax act, chapter 191, Laws of 1933, p. 869 et seq. The act related to certain business activities "within this state." At its special session of 1933, the legislature amended the former act in certain respects. Chapter 57, Laws of 1933, Ex. Ses. p. 157 et seq. That act likewise applied to business activities "within this state." The latter act became effective January 18, 1934, which was shortly after appellant's first contract had been entered into, but before it was performed.

These two actions are in resistance to the application of either of these legislative acts to appellant's activities.  Appellant's first contention is that his construction or excavation contracts constituted sales of services, within the provisions of chapter 191, and that by SS 5, p. 879, of that act, read in connection with SS 2 (2)(f), p. 875, the proceeds of his contracts were exempt from the tax.

The answer to this contention is that the tax was not imposed under chapter 191 as it originally stood, but under chapter 57, p. 157, SS 1 (designated as SS 2-a) (1), which clearly covers business activities of the kind engaged in by appellant, if "within this state." This contention of appellant is but briefly discussed by either counsel and, we think, merits nothing further than what we have already said.

The principal, and only remaining, question in the case is whether appellant's activities took place "within this state." Specifically stated, the contention of appellant is that by virtue of the United States constitution and the statutes of this state, the area contained within the project upon which the excavation and construction work was performed is under the exclusive jurisdiction of the United States; and that, therefore, any tax legislation of the state is wholly inoperative within the area of the project or upon any activities of appellant therein. Quotation of the specific constitutional and statutory provisions involved will first be made.

[1] Art. I, SS 8, clause 17, of the constitution of the United States provides that Congress shall have power: "To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever, over such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular states, and the acceptance of congress, become the seat of the government of the United States, and to exercise like authority over all places purchased by the consent of the legislature of the state in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dockyards, and other needful buildings;

Our reference to, and discussion of, this constitutional provision relate only to the latter, or italicized, portion of the quotation.

Rem. Rev. Stat., SS 8108 [P.C. SS 7110], adopted in

1891, provides that:

"The consent of the state of Washington be and the same is hereby given to the acquisition by purchase or by condemnation, under the laws of this state relating to the appropriation of private property to public uses, by the United States of America, or under the authority of the same, of any tract, piece, or parcel of land, from any individual or individuals, bodies politic or corporate, within the boundaries or limits of this state, for the sites of locks, dams, piers, breakwaters, keepers' dwellings, and other necessary structures and purposes required in the improvement of the rivers and harbors of this state, or bordering thereon, or for the sites of forts, magazines, arsenals, docks, navy yards, naval stations, or other needful buildings authorized by any act of congress, . . . the consent herein and hereby given being in accordance with the seventeenth clause of the eighth section of the first article of the Constitution of the United States, and with the acts of congress in such cases made and provided; and the jurisdiction of this state is hereby ceded to the United States of America over all such land or lands as may have been or may be hereafter acquired by purchase or by condemnation, or set apart by the general government for any or either of the purposes before mentioned: Provided, that this state shall retain a concurrent jurisdiction with the United States in and over all tracts so acquired or set apart as aforesaid, so far as that all civil and criminal process that may issue under the authority of this state against any person or persons charged with crimes committed, or for any cause of action or suit accruing without the bounds of any such tract, may be executed therein, in the same manner and with like effect as though this assent and cession had not been granted."

It will be observed that the statute, while somewhat broader than Art. I, SS 8, clause 17, in its designation of structures and purposes, nevertheless specifically recites that the consent therein given is in accordance with the constitutional provision.

The provision of Art. I, SS 8, clause 17, as above quoted and italicized, has been frequently construed by the United States supreme court, and it is now definitely settled and accepted that there are two ways in which lands within the jurisdiction of the state may become subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of the

United States: (1) By purchase by the United States for certain specified purposes, with the consent of the state, and (2) cession of exclusive jurisdiction to the United States by the state. Ft. Leavenworth R. Co. v. Lowe, 1-14 U.S. 525, 5 S. Ct. 995, 29 L. Ed. 264; United States v. Unzeuta, 281 U.S. 138, 50 S. Ct. 284, 74 L. Ed. 761; Surplus Trading Co. v. Cook, 281 U.S. 647, 50 S. Ct. 455, 74 L. Ed. 1091; Standard Oil Co. v. California, 291 U.S. 242, 54 S. Ct. 381, 78 L. Ed. 775.

From these cases, the following rules are deducible respecting jurisdiction over lands acquired by the

United States for public uses: (1) When the land is acquired for one of the purposes within Art. I, SS 8, clause 17, by purchase with consent of the state, Federal jurisdiction is exclusive in such area for all purposes; (2) when the land is acquired for one of the purposes within that clause, but other than by purchase with the consent of the state, then Federal jurisdiction is exclusive only to the extent of the purposes for which the land is held; (3) when the land is acquired for a purpose not within that clause, but by purchase with the consent of the state, then the United States has such jurisdiction over the land as may be ceded to it by the state; and (4) when the land is acquired for a purpose not within that clause, in any mariner other than by purchase with the consent of the state, then the United States holds the land just as any other proprietor does, except that the land may not be taxed by the state. Our ultimate problem herein will be to determine under which one or more, if any, of these classifications, the present case falls.

Manifestly, the construction work involved in this case does not come within any of the uses implied in the descriptive terms of the constitutional provision, unless it can be said to come within the term "other needful buildings." If the case were one of first impression, the rule of ejusdem generis would, in our opinion, exclude such work from the classification of "needful buildings," because the particular work was in no way connected with, or related to, forts, magazines, arsenals or dockyards.

However, by judicial interpretation, over a long period of years, the term "needful buildings" has been applied to the following: a navy yard (Western Union Tel. Co. v. Chiles, 214 U.S. 274, 29 8. Ct. 613,

53 L. Ed. 994); a military hospital (Arlington Hotel Co. v. Fant, 278 U.S. 439, 49 S. Ct. 227, 73 L. Ed. 447) ;a military reservation (United States v. Unzeuta, 281 U.S. 138, 50 S. Ct. 284, 74 L. Ed. 761); an army training and mobilization station (Surplus Trading Co. v. Cook, 281 U.S. 647, 50 S. Ct. 455, 74 L. Ed. 1091); a customs house (Sharon v. Hill, 24 Fed. 726); locks and dams (United States v. Tucker, 122 Fed. 518); a post office (United States v. Andem, 158 Fed. 996); a penitentiary (Steele v. Halligan, 229 Fed. 1011); an Indian training school (United States v. Wurtzbarger, 276 Fed. 753); a military cemetery  (Wills v. State, 50 Tenn. 141); a soldiers' home (Sinks v. Reese, 19 Ohio 306); a courthouse (State ex rel. Jones v. Mack, 23 Nev. 359, 47 Pac. 763, 62 Am. st. 811).

While the structures mentioned in the foregoing eases are not specifically named in, and do not strictly fall within, the constitutional classification, it is, nevertheless, apparent that the particular structures or "buildings" in those cases, with the possible exception of one, are such as would necessarily require absolute and exclusive jurisdiction in the United States government, because their operation is in the discharge of a constitutional or governmental function, and there is no field for state participation or state legislation.

The only possible exception in the list is the instance of locks and dams, involved in the Tucker case. But even in such case, if the locks and dams were owned and operated by the United States solely for the purpose of facilitating navigation, as they concededly were in that case, their function would likewise be a constitutional or governmental function. But irrigation, flood control, and power development (except in so far as the latter two are intended to promote navigation or else some war measure or the national defense), while they may be of national interest and serve a public purpose, are not functions enjoined upon the Federal government by the constitution, nor are they delegated to the United States by the constitution, nor is it necessary that they be committed, for their operation, to the exclusive jurisdiction of the United States government. Legislative power, with reference to such things, is reserved in the state.

Turning, now, to the statute above quoted, we note that the state has given its consent to the acquisition, by purchase or condemnation on the part of the United States, of lands for sites of locks, dams, etc., as well as for the purposes set forth in the constitutional provision. For present purposes, it may be conceded that the term "needful buildings" is broad enough, under the construction given to that term by the Federal courts, to include locks and dams. It is very probable that specific mention of locks and dams was made in the statute in order to remove any doubt that may have existed generally at, and prior to, the time of the decision in the Tucker case, with respect to the inclusive intent of the constitutional provision.

The point that we make and stress here, and upon which we rest our ultimate conclusion herein, is that, while the statute conferred consent upon the United States to acquire land within the territory of the state, the state's power to cede jurisdiction is limited by the statute to those instances where it clearly appears that the land is to be used by the United States for a constitutional or governmental purpose. As stated in the leading case upon the subject, Ft. Leavenworth R. Co. v. Lowe, 114 U.S. 525, 5 S. Ct. 995, 29 L. Ed. 264,supra: "The essence of that provision [Art. I. SS 8, clause 17, United States constitution] is that the State shall freely cede the particular place to the United States for one of the specific and enumerated objects."

[2] The question in this case, then, is whether, by reason of the conjunction of the constitutional provision, the statute, and the acquisition by the Federal government of the lands within the project in the manner and for the purposes that the government acquired them, the state has been ipso facto deprived of all jurisdiction with respect to such lands. However close the question may seemingly be, we are of the opinion that the state has not been deprived of all jurisdiction, but that it has a concurrent jurisdiction to the extent, among other things, that it has the right to impose a tax upon business activities conducted within the area of the project. The reason for this conclusion is based upon what we conceive to be fundamental principles of law and the conducive facts of this case.

By the enabling act of Congress, passed February 22, 1889, the territory of Washington became the state of Washington. Subject to the limitations and restraints of the Federal constitution, the state, as such, has all the sovereign powers of independent nations over all persons and things within its territorial limits. Sturges v. Crowinshield, 4 Wheat. 122, 4 L. Ed. 529; New York v. Miln, 11 Pet. 102, 9 L. Ed. 648; Cummings v. Missouri, 4 Wall. 277, 18 L. Ed. 356. The area within, and under, the jurisdiction of a state may come under the exclusive jurisdiction of the United States by purchase by the Federal government for a purpose prescribed by the Federal constitution and with the consent of the state, or by cession of exclusive jurisdiction by the state to the United States. In either event, the land acquires a territorial status and ceases to be a part of the state, either territorially or jurisdictionally. Concessions Co. v. Morris, 109 Wash. 46, 186 Pac. 655.

But, since self-preservation is the first law of nations and states, as well as of individuals, it will not be presumed, in the absence of clearly expressed intent, that the state has relinquished its sovereignty. Wills v. State, 50 Tenn. 141; In re Kelly, 71 Fed. 545; Ex Parte Gaines, 56 Ark. 227, 19 S.W. 602; Barrett

v. Palmer, 135 N.Y. 336, 31 N.E. 1017, 31 Am. St. 835, 17 L.R.A. 720. (Four of these cases are cited approvingly in the Concessions Co. case.)

The power of taxation is an incident of sovereignty and inherent in the state, because government cannot exist or function without it. It is a legislative power following the more general power to make laws. State ex tel. Board of Commissioners v. Clausen, 95 Wash. 214, 163 Pac. 744. The power of taxation is never to be suspended, surrendered, or contracted away. Amendment XIV, Washington constitution. In the absence of constitutional restraint, the power of the legislature over taxation is as unlimited as the subject with which it deals. State ex rel. State Tax Commission v. Redd, 166 Wash. 132, 6 P.2d 619; 26 R.C.L. 27, SS 13. The taxing power of the state is never presumed to have been relinquished unless the language in which the surrender is made is clear and unmistakable. Erie R. Co. v. Pennsylvania, 21 Wall. 492, 22 L. Ed. 595; 1 Cooley on Taxation (4th ed) 159, 60.

[3] This is not a contest between the Federal government and the state as to jurisdiction. It is a contest between the state, asserting its concurrent, or partial, jurisdiction, and an individual who asserts that exclusive jurisdiction rests in the Federal government. So far from there being any contest as to jurisdiction between the two sovereign powers, the record discloses that they are working in harmony and accord, each exercising the field for which it is the better equipped and each, at the same time, recognizing the field of the other. The Federal government, therefore, cannot possibly be prejudiced by the result of this action.

It appears from what we have already stated that prior to, at the time of, and at all times since, the inception of the project, the United States and the state have cooperated in every way in the development and construction of the dam and power plant. The Federal government at present furnishes the money, supervises the work, and will, for a time, maintain the operation of the project. The state, on the other hand, has furnished a large amount of money for the preliminary work and now, through the Columbia basin commission, acts in an advisory capacity to the Federal government in the further progress of the work. The slate also has an option to take over the entire project when completed.

The Federal government is involved in a huge undertaking, the object of which is to promote navigation, develop power, and provide for irrigation. The state is likewise concerned. Navigation is a function that comes within the exclusive power of the Federal government by virtue of the constitution of the United States. The development of irrigation and of power for industrial purposes, however, is within the reserved powers of the state. There is, thus, every reason why the Federal government and the state should cooperate, and, in order to do so, each must have proportionate jurisdiction.

"We have in this Republic a dual system of government, National and state, each operating within the same territory and upon the same persons; and working without collision, because their functions are different. There are certain matters over which the National Government has absolute control and no action of the State can interfere therewith, and there are others in which the State is supreme, and in respect to them the National Government is powerless. To preserve the even balance between these two governments and hold each in its separate sphere is the peculiar duty of all courts, preeminently of this – a duty oftentimes of great delicacy and difficulty." South Carolina v. United States, 199 U.S. 437, 26 S. Ct. 110, 50 L. Ed. 261.

On the other hand, if the state were excluded from all jurisdiction, the residents of the project would be without school facilities, police protection, and the right to vote, the workmen would be deprived of the benefit of industrial insurance, and the rules for sanitation would be suspended; for, if the state be wholly without jurisdiction, then it must follow that the state may not extend its privileges to the residents of the project nor expend its money in their behalf. Opinion of Justices, 42 Mass. 580; In re Town of Highlands, 22 N.Y. Supp. 137; Sinks v. Reese, 19 Ohio 306; State ex rel. Lyle v. Willett, 117 Tenn. 334, 97 S.W. 299; Ft. Leavenworth R. Co. v. Lowe, 114 U.S. 525, 5 S. Ct. 995, 29 L. Ed. 264; Surplus Trading Co. v. Cook, 281 U.S. 647, 50 S. Ct. 455, 74 L. Ed. 1091.

Furthermore, so far as the record supplies us with any information, the Federal government did not acquire these lands until after the work of construction, under appellant's first contract, had been begun. Some of the lauds, it appears, were not acquired until about the time that the work under the contract was completed. The record discloses that, when appellant entered into the second contract, although all of the lands had then been acquired, the state was exercising its jurisdiction within the project at the instance of the Federal government itself. Moreover, it does not appear from the record that the Federal government ever set apart any definite reserve as constituting the project, but, rather, that it appropriated lands from time to time as the necessities of the project required; this fact may not be a controlling one, but is nevertheless entitled to consideration.

The facts, taken as a whole, argue conclusively, in our opinion, that the state never intended to cede, and the United States never intended to take, exclusive jurisdiction over the project. Facts consistent with the retention, and inconsistent with cession, of exclusive jurisdiction by the state should, in the absence of any assertion by the Federal government to the contrary, be construed most strongly in favor of the state, to the end that its territory be not diminished and that its jurisdiction in matters in which the Federal government is not directly or immediately concerned be not entirely lost.

We conclude, therefore, that the purposes of the project, taken as a whole, do not fall exclusively within any of the enumerated classes mentioned above, so as to give the United States exclusive jurisdiction over the lands, but, rather in a class where several purposes are so intermingled as to call for the exercise of jurisdiction by both the Federal government and the state, according as their respective interests and duties require. In so far as the legislative acts in question are concerned, they are operative upon the business activities of the appellant within the project.

The judgments are affirmed.

ALL CONCUR.